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Table Table 2 Growth that compounds

Planning the sample size for causal advertising lift

The required sample grows as expected lift shrinks relative to baseline volatility, but the exact calculation depends on the design inputs.

Expected relative liftPlanning implicationInputs required before calculating
LargerRequired N can be lower, all else equalBaseline outcome, variance, allocation, power, alpha, clustering and spillover
ModerateRequired N can be substantially largerThe same inputs, plus a decision-relevant minimum effect
Very smallThe design may become impracticalA pre-specified precision target, opportunity-cost limit and stopping rule

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Reference & Evidence

Source: Author's planning worksheet based on Lewis & Rao (2015), Quarterly Journal of Economics 130(4). No single set of outcome or design inputs is assumed here.