Table 121 Aug 2026From “Business case control is a living decision loop”

Two evidence boundaries that should not be pooled

The source blocks remain separate. The operating trace that follows is an author's join, not a pooled result.

Table 1Two evidence boundaries that should not be pooled

Study and object	Unit and method	What it contributes	Boundary to carry forward
Cavallo et al.: competitive-intelligence use	Four Brazilian firms with dedicated CI units; 28 interviews and secondary material; qualitative multiple-case design.	CI is observed in tactical work, implementation, and monitoring, with more limited involvement in some higher strategic stages.	Purposive four-case sample, small-sample and observer-bias limits, and no prevalence or causal estimate.
Kopmann et al.: business-case control	183 matched German project portfolios; two informants per portfolio; cross-sectional multi-informant survey.	Initial review, ongoing monitoring, and postproject tracking are associated with project-portfolio success.	The association is not a longitudinal intervention or a guarantee; the units and outcomes differ from Cavallo.
Author's source-to-decision trace	A reader records source position, decision link, assumption, owner, test, and result.	It makes the handoff from intelligence to control inspectable.	It is an operating template, not a measured mechanism or source-derived intervention.

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Source: Cavallo, Sanasi, Ghezzi & Rangone (2021), pp. 250, 255–267; Kopmann, Kock, Killen & Gemünden (2015), pp. 529–540.

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Source and evidence

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A CSR21-C1 The design is four cases, and the paper says so: "a multiple case study has been performed related to four companies located in Brazil that adopted CI practices within dedicated business units to inform and support strategic decision-making"Cavallo, Sanasi, Ghezzi & Rangone (2021), pp. 255-256
A CSR21-C2 The tension the study reports, verbatim: CI practices, "despite their strategic relevance and diffusion, are still extensively adopted for tactical use"Cavallo, Sanasi, Ghezzi & Rangone (2021), p. 250
A CSR21-C3 What the study delivers is descriptive: "The authors provide detailed empirical evidence on the connection and use of CI practices throughout each stage of the strategy formulation process"Cavallo, Sanasi, Ghezzi & Rangone (2021), pp. 264-267
A CSR21-C4 The authors bound their own generalisation: "This study is not free of limitations. First, the small sample size could limit the generalization and relevance of our findings; and second, the observer bias typical of qualitative studies"Cavallo, Sanasi, Ghezzi & Rangone (2021), p. 267
A KKKG15-C1 The three elements and the association: "We identify three elements of a business case control at the portfolio level": "the initial review, the ongoing mon""itoring during the project execution, and the postproject tracking until the business case is realized": and "Based on a cross-industry sample of 183 firms, we find that the business case control is positively related to the project portfolio success"Kopmann, Kock, Killen & Gemünden (2015), p. 529
A KKKG15-C2 The construct is those three parts: "the initial review, the ongoing mon""itoring during the project execution, and the postproject tracking until the business case is realized"Kopmann, Kock, Killen & Gemünden (2015), pp. 531-532
A KKKG15-C3 Monitoring is where a decision can still change: "the ongoing monitoring of the business case enables manage"ment to act early, which "may involve adjusting project scope or urgency" or cancelling projects for alternativesKopmann, Kock, Killen & Gemünden (2015), p. 532
A KKKG15-C5 The authors caution that formal controls may limit creativity and strain innovation in some portfolio environmentsKopmann, Kock, Killen & Gemünden (2015), p. 540

Grades: A, verified against the printed page of the primary source · B, primary source, text layer only · C, authoritative secondary · D, reported.

From the essay

From the research bench

Business case control is a living decision loop

Competitive intelligence matters after approval only when a source, decision, assumption, owner, test, and result stay linked through the portfolio loop.

21 Aug 2026

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Isoglu, S. (2026). Two evidence boundaries that should not be pooled [Table]. isoglu.com. https://isoglu.com/insights/exhibits/isoglu-2026-business-case-control-is-a-living-decision-loop-fig01/

BibTeX

@misc{isoglu-2026-business-case-control-is-a-living-decision-loop-fig01,
  author = {Isoglu, Sinan},
  title = {{Two evidence boundaries that should not be pooled}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Table 1, isoglu.com},
  url = {https://isoglu.com/insights/exhibits/isoglu-2026-business-case-control-is-a-living-decision-loop-fig01/},
  note = {From the essay {Business case control is a living decision loop}}
}

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  <figcaption>Table 1: Two evidence boundaries that should not be pooled. Source: Cavallo, Sanasi, Ghezzi &amp; Rangone (2021), pp. 250, 255–267; Kopmann, Kock, Killen &amp; Gemünden (2015), pp. 529–540. <a href="https://isoglu.com/insights/exhibits/isoglu-2026-business-case-control-is-a-living-decision-loop-fig01/">View exhibit</a>.</figcaption>
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