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What does statistical conclusion validity mean?
| Object | Question | What it cannot carry alone |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate | How large is the observed difference or association? | Importance or causality |
| Confidence interval | Which values remain compatible with the stated procedure? | Probability that a particular value is true |
| p value | How discordant are these data under the specified null model? | Probability that the null is true |
| Power or information | Could the design detect the declared effect under its assumptions? | Proof that an undetected effect is absent |
| Testing family | How many hypotheses, outcomes, or specifications were examined? | A universal correction independent of the analysis plan |
| Conclusion | What sentence does the evidence permit? | Claims outside the population, model, or outcome |
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Reference & Evidence
Source: Table from this essay. Sources and interpretation are given in the article.
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